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Published by at 29, 2022. Primary Source Set World War I - Library of Congress [117] Sulla attempted to open negotiations with Norbanus, who was at Capua, but Norbanus refused to treat and withdrew to Praeneste as Sulla advanced. Negotiations broke down after one of Scipio's lieutenants seized a town held by Sulla in violation of a ceasefire. [105] Sulla moved to intercept Flaccus' army in Thessaly, but turned around when Pontic forces reoccupied Boetia. He defeated Norbanus at the Battle of Mount Tifata, forcing the consul to withdraw. Here are the names and relevant periods for some of the main ancient Latin and Greek sources for Roman history. Each actor's story is unique and each brings something important to the ensemble. Sources | Legacy of Sulla Wiki | Fandom [19] Plutarch mentions that during his last marriage to Valeria, he still kept company with "actresses, musicians, and dancers, drinking with them on couches night and day.[20]. Plutarch states in his Life of Sulla that he retired to a life spent in dissolute luxuries, and he "consorted with actresses, harpists, and theatrical people, drinking with them on couches all day long." "[157] This duality, or inconsistency, made him very unpredictable and "at the slightest pretext, he might have a man crucified, but, on another occasion, would make light of the most appalling crimes; or he might happily forgive the most unpardonable offenses, and then punish trivial, insignificant misdemeanors with death and confiscation of property. [26] Sulla was assigned by lot to his staff. Pompey ambushed eight legions sent to relieve Praeneste but an uprising from the Samnites and the Lucanians forced Sulla to deploy south as they moved also to relieve Praeneste or join with Carbo in the north. From this distance, Sulla remained out of the day-to-day political activities in Rome, intervening only a few times when his policies were involved (e.g. Primary sources can include: Texts of laws and other original documents. Primary vs. Secondary - Primary Sources: A Research Guide - Research Ideally, each ensemble is diverse, both in cultural background and practical experience. He hinted to them that Marius would find other men to fight Mithridates, forcing them to give up opportunities to plunder the East, claims which were "surely false". [110], After peace was reached, Sulla advanced on Fimbria's forces, which deserted their upstart commander. The Samnite and anti-Sullan commanders were then hunted down as "for all intents and purposes the civil war in Italy was over". He won the first large-scale civil war in Roman history and became the first man of the Republic to seize power through force. Sulla then settled affairs "reparations, rewards, administrative and financial arrangements for the future" in Asia, staying there until 84BC. [113] The extra time spent in Asia, moreover, equipped him with forces and money later put to good use in Italy. [123], After the younger Marius' defeat, Sulla had the Samnite war captives massacred, which triggered an uprising in his rear. Also useful for understanding Sulla's career are the article by E. Baddian . When he was still a proconsul in 82, he planned and executed the proscriptions against his enemies for revenge, especially from the Marian camp, and against rich Romans because he needed money to pay his veterans . For other uses, see, Portrait of Sulla on a denarius minted in 54 BC by his grandson, They were designed to regulate Rome's finances, which were in a very sorry state after all the years of continual warfare. Primary sources are the evidence of history, original records or objects created by participants or observers at the time historical . Primary sources enable students to explore the documentary evidence of a nation's history - the roots of its government, value systems and role on the world stage. Some of these historians lived at the time of the events, and therefore, may actually be primary sources, but others, especially Plutarch (CE 45-125), who covers men from multiple eras, lived later than the events they describe. At the meeting, he took the seat between the Parthian ambassador, Orobazus, and Ariobarzanes, seeking to gain psychological advantage over the Partian envoy by portraying the Parthians and the Cappadocians as equals with Rome as superior. Sulla's First Civil War (88-87 BC) was triggered by an attempt to strip him of the command against Mithridates and saw Sulla become the first Roman to lead an army against the city for four hundred years. Later political leaders such as Julius Caesar would follow his precedent in attaining political power through force. Even though the prosecutor declined to show up on the day of the trial, leading to Sulla's victory by default, Sulla's ambitions were frustrated. [6] Keaveney places his departure to 93. However, his candidature was dealt a blow when he was brought up on charges of extorting Ariobarzanes. National Archives Catalog Find online primary source materials for classroom & student projects from the National Archive's online catalog (OPA). porterville unified school district human resources; Tags . And for his consular colleague, he attempted to transfer to him the command of Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo's army. 213/23 P.Cornelius Sulla is chosen to be Flamen Dialis. [47], Sulla's campaign in Cappadocia had led him to the banks of the Euphrates, where he was approached by an embassy from the Parthian Empire. Essentially, they're sources about primary sources. Taking Action: Benefits for students that extend beyond the classroom. The Mithridatic War (88 - 85 BC) As such, he sought to strengthen the aristocracy, and thus the Senate. What Is a Primary Source? The ancient biography of Sulla written by Plutarch is useful. Sulla, who opposed the Gracchian popularis reforms, was an optimate; though his coming to the side of the traditional Senate originally could be described as atavistic when dealing with the tribunate and legislative bodies, while more visionary when reforming the court system, governorships, and membership of the Senate. [90] By the end of 87BC, Cinna and Marius had besieged Rome and taken the city, killed consul Gnaeus Octavius, massacred their political enemies, and declared Sulla an outlaw; they then had themselves elected consuls for 86BC. [citation needed], Sulla became embroiled in a political fight against one of the plebeian tribunes, Publius Sulpicius Rufus, on the matter of how the new Italian citizens were to be distributed into the Roman tribes for purposes of voting. Over the previous 300 years, the tribunes had directly challenged the patrician class and attempted to deprive it of power in favor of the plebeian class. 45-120 CE) was a Platonist philosopher, best known to the general public as author of his "Parallel Lives" of paired Greek and Roman statesmen and military leaders.He was a voluminous writer, author also of a collection of "Moralia" or "Ethical Essays," mostly in dialogue format, many of them devoted to philosophical topics, not at all . Proscribing or outlawing every one of those whom he perceived to have acted against the best interests of the Republic while he was in the east, Sulla ordered some 1,500 nobles (i.e. 9, The Last Age of the Roman Republic, 146-43 BC. At the same time, Mithridates attempted to force a land battle in northern Greece, and dispatched a large army across the Hellespont. He returned victorious from the east in 82 BC, marched a second time on Rome, and crushed the populares and their Italian allies at the Battle of the Colline Gate. He was both eloquent and clever, and he made friends easily. If Sulla had married one of the Julii Caesares, this could explain Marius' willingness to entrust such an important task to a young man with no military experience, as Marius too had married into that family. Scipio's men quickly abandoned him for Sulla; finding him almost alone in his camp, Sulla tried again to persuade Scipio to defect. Sallust - Spartacus Educational They are different from secondary sources, accounts that retell, analyze, or interpret events, usually at a distance of time or place." Library of Congress Teacher's Page. Sulla - in ancient sources @ attalus.org Regardless, if he had immediate plans for a consulship, they were forced into the background at the outbreak of war. Collections Online | British Museum Books. [11], Sulla, the son of Lucius Cornelius Sulla and the grandson of Publius Cornelius Sulla,[12] was born into a branch of the patrician gens Cornelia, but his family had fallen to an impoverished condition at the time of his birth. The collection currently contains . He then fought successfully against Germanic tribes during the Cimbrian War, and Italian allies during the Social War. Wikipedia entry + Cornelius , Epaphroditus , Sylla 138/31 The birth of L.Sulla. Beyond personal enmity, Caesar Strabo may also have stood for office because it was evident that Rome's relations with the Pontic king, Mithridates VI Eupator, were deteriorating and that the consuls of 88 would be assigned an extremely lucrative and glorious command against Pontus. Athens itself was spared total destruction "in recognition of [its] glorious past" but the city was sacked. Gaius Marius, a lieutenant of Metellus, returned to Rome to stand for the consulship in 107BC. He also divorced his then-wife Cloelia and married Metella, widow of the recently-deceased Marcus Aemilius Scaurus. Tools for primary source analysis. [17] Sallust declares him well-read, intelligent, and he was fluent in Greek. Finally, Sulla revoked the power of the tribunes to veto acts of the Senate, although he left intact the tribunes' power to protect individual Roman citizens. Updated on June 22, 2022 Students. This unusual appointment (used hitherto only in times of extreme danger to the city, such as during the Second Punic War, and then only for 6-month periods) represented an exception to Rome's policy of not giving total power to a single individual. . The two primary sources for this paper are Sallust's Identifying and locating primary sources can be challenging. Sulla then established a system where all consuls and praetors served in Rome during their year in office, and then commanded a provincial army as a governor for the year after they left office. Of those who contracted the bubonic plague, 4 out of 5 died within eight days. He can hardly have been in any doubt. Primary sources are first-hand evidence related to the time or event you are investigating.This includes accounts by participants or observers and a wide range of written, physical, audio or visual materials created at the time or later by someone with direct experience.. [13][14][15] Sulla's family thereafter did not reach the highest offices of the state until Sulla himself. The Pros and Cons of Teaching with Primary Sources - ProQuest They are the most direct evidence of a time or event because they were created by people or things that were there at the time or event. [59], In the first year of fighting, Roman strategy was largely one of containment, attempting to stop the revolting allies from spreading their rebellion into Roman-controlled territory. Understanding Context: Awareness of the interconnection of events from the past, present and future. under Gaius Marius in the wars against the Numidian rebel Jugurtha. [78], When the march on Rome started, the Senate and people were appalled. Speeches, diaries, letters and interviews - what the people involved said or . In art, literature, and cultural studies, primary sources . Ancient Historians of Roman History - ThoughtCo Provides tips on how to read and use primary sources in historical research. [63] All of these victories would have been won before the consular elections in October 89. Finally, in a demonstration of his absolute power, Sulla expanded the Pomerium, the sacred boundary of Rome, unchanged since the time of the kings. Introduction - Primary Sources - LibGuides at CSU Los Angeles He could acknowledge the law as valid. [138], As promised, when his tasks were complete, Sulla returned his powers and withdrew to his country villa near Puteoli to be with his family. 134/3 eagle's brood foretells the number of Marius' consulships. [35], In 104BC, the Cimbri and the Teutones, two Germanic tribes who had bested the Roman legions on several occasions, seemed to again be heading for Italy. [119][120] The remainder of 83BC was dedicated to recruiting for the next year's campaign amid poor weather: Quintus Sertorius had raised a considerable force in Etruria, but was alienated from the consuls by the election of Gaius Marius' son rather than himself and so left to his praetorian province of Hispania Citerior; Sulla repudiated recognition of any treaties with the Samnites, whom he did not consider to be Roman citizens due to his rejection of Marius and Cinna's deal in 87BC. Thus, Sulla was presented with a choice. Catulus, with Sulla, moved to block their advance; the two men likely cooperated well. Primary sources provide raw information and first-hand evidence. Types of Sources and Where to Find Them: Primary Sources Click the title for location and availability information. Secondary sources include: Essays analyzing novels, works of art, and other original creations. Find these with these special Subject terms. He was, however, defeated. Primary sources enable the researcher to get as close as possible to the truth of what actually happened during an historical event or time period. Plutarch - Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Sulla had his enemies declared hostes, probably from outside the pomerium, and after assembling an assembly where he apologised for the ongoing war, left to fight Carbo in Etruria. Ancient accounts of Sulla's death indicate that he died from liver failure or a ruptured gastric ulcer (symptomized by a sudden hemorrhage from his mouth, followed by a fever from which he never recovered), possibly caused by chronic alcohol abuse. The populares nonetheless seized power once he left with his army to Asia. The hundreds of thousands of men who enlisted . Almost breaking before Marius' makeshift forces, Sulla then stationed troops all over the city before summoning the Senate and inducing it to outlaw Marius, Marius' son, Sulpicius, and nine others. Guide. [122] Marius, buttressed by Samnite support, fought a long and hard battle with Sulla at Sacriportus that resulted in defeat when five of his cohorts defected. Primary Sources (Original Documents) - Cornell University Marius and his son, along with some others, escaped to Africa. Fimbria then committed suicide after a failed attempt on Sulla's life. Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix[8] (/sl/; 13878 BC), commonly known as Sulla, was a Roman general and statesman. Lucius Cornelius Sulla was born in 138 BCE in Puteoli, Italy. Sulla, in full Lucius Cornelius Sulla or later Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix, (born 138 bcedied 79 bce, Puteoli [Pozzuoli, near Naples, Italy]), victor in the first full-scale civil war in Roman history (88-82 bce) and subsequently dictator (82-79), who carried out notable constitutional reforms in an attempt to strengthen the Roman Republic during the last century of its existence. The tools are designed to support 3 levels of critical thinking and inquiry skills (explore, analyse and critically analyse) for years 1 to 13. After Sulla had recovered the government by force of arms, everybody became robbers and plunderers. Sulla then increased the number of magistrates elected in any given year, and required that all newly elected quaestores gain automatic membership in the Senate. The personal motto was "no better friend, no worse enemy.". The proscriptions are widely perceived as a response to similar killings that Marius and Cinna had implemented while they controlled the Republic during Sulla's absence. They are original research, thinking, or discovery on a topic or event, and are written or created by people who actually experienced the event . The later battle, at Orchomenus, was fought in high summer but before the start of the autumn rains. Website. [76] The troops were willing to follow Sulla to Rome; his officers, however, realised Sulla's plans and deserted him (except his quaestor and kinsman, almost certainly Lucius Licinius Lucullus). Sulla was closely associated with Venus,[9] adopting the title Epaphroditos meaning favored of Aphrodite/Venus.[10]. The bubonic plague was the most commonly seen form during the Black Death, with a mortality rate of 30-75% and symptoms including fever of 38 - 41 C (101-105 F), headaches, painful aching joints, nausea and vomiting, and a general feeling of malaise. The collection is particularly strong in the subject areas of education, psychology, American history, sociology, religion, and science and technology. Cornelius Lucius Sulla; Lucius Cornelius Cinna (elder) Marcus Licinius Crassus; Pompey the Great (Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus) Julius Caesar; Marcus . This also removed the need for the censor to draw up a list of senators, since more than enough former magistrates were always available to fill the Senate. [53] Sulla was regarded to have done well in the east: he had restored Ariobarzanes to the throne, been hailed imperator by his men, and was the first Roman to treat successfully with the Parthians. They were, however, successful in holding Macedonia, then governed by propraetor Gaius Sentius and his legate Quintus Bruttius Sura. [74], During the violence, Sulla was forced to shelter in Marius' nearby house (later denied in his memoirs). Social War | Roman history | Britannica An example of the extent of his charming side was that his soldiers would sing a ditty about Sulla's one testicle, although without truth, to which he allowed as being "fond of a jest. Beginning Research Activities Student activities designed to help . The two greatest of these were Gaius Marius and Lucius Cornelius Sulla. Sulla's career is recounted in detail in Howard Hayes Scullard, From the Gracchi to Nero: A History of Rome from 133 B.C. This brief guide is designed to help students and researchers find and evaluate primary sources available online. He was to return the kingdoms of Bithynia and Cappadocia to Nicomedes and Ariobarzanes, respectively. [25], The Jugurthine War had started in 112BC when Jugurtha, grandson of Massinissa of Numidia, claimed the entire kingdom of Numidia in defiance of Roman decrees that divided it among several members of the royal family. For instance, Da Vinci's Mona Lisa is a primary source because it is the most famous art piece during the Renaissance period. [79], Sulla then had Sulpicius' legislation invalidated on the grounds that they had been passed by force. After some days, both sides engaged in battle. An inscription on a sixteenth-century tombstone in Istanbul would be a primary source from the Classical Ottoman Age. Revised on November 11, 2022. The Romans neutralised a Pontic charge of scythed chariots before pushing the Pontic phalanx back across the plain. Primary Source Terms:. Mithridates also would equip Sulla with seventy or eighty ships and pay a war indemnity of two or three thousand talents. Gaius Julius Caesar Strabo, merely an ex-aedile and one of Sulla's long-time enemies, had contested the top magistracy. [104] When the Pontic cavalry attacked to interrupt the earthworks, the Romans almost broke; Sulla personally rallied his men on foot and stabilised the area. [125], Carbo, who had suffered defeats by Metellus Pius and Pompey, attempted to redeploy so to relieve his co-consul Marius at Praeneste. [72] Sulpicius' attempts to push through the Italian legislation again brought him into violent urban conflict, although he "offered nothing to the urban plebs so it continued to resist him". While Sulla was moving in the south, Scipio fought Pompey in Picenum but was defeated when his troops again deserted. Archelaus tried to break out but were unsuccessful; Sulla then annihilated the Pontic army and captured its camp. Categories . The faculty and students of the Hanover College History Department initiated the Hanover Historical Texts Project in 1995, at a time when few primary sources were available outside of published anthologies. [104], After the Battle of Chaeronea, Sulla learnt that Cinna's government had sent Lucius Valerius Flaccus to take over his command. Dual domestications and origin of traits in grapevine evolution [2023] Welcome to The Internet History Sourcebooks Project, a collection of public domain and copy-permitted historical texts presented cleanly (without advertising or excessive layout) for educational use. Roman military leaders. [53], Relations between Rome and its allies (the socii), had deteriorated over the years up to 91BC. "[148][149] Sulla's example proved that it could be done, therefore inspiring others to attempt it; in this respect, he has been seen as another step in the Republic's fall. Primary Resources - Primary Resources and Archives - Research Guides at Sulla's First Civil War (88-87 BC) - HistoryOfWar.org