For surface measurements of oxygen concentration at the seaweed surface and within tufts, entire C. officinalis plants were col lected together with the rocks to which they were attached, and stored in a similar manner. Read More Great Barrier Reef structure Occurrence dataset:https://doi.org/10.15468/aru16v accessed via GBIF.org on 2018-10-01. Corallina officinalis chemical compounds were obtained by supercritical fluid extraction at 30 . Corallina L. is the type genus of the subfamily Corallinoideae (Aresch.) Materials and methods: Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) were biosynthesized with an aqueous extract of the red alga Corallina officinalis, used as a reducing and stabilizing agent. Biologishes Knochenimplantat aus Meeresalgen. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 161, 71-82. . Master Image Add to download queue Organism Identifier: Corallina officinalis is a calcareous red seaweed which grows in the lower and mid-littoral zones on rocky shores . Even though exfoliation is often good for acne and blemish-prone skin, this ingredient may clog your pores. 1 Environmental Factors, Part 2. Hypoglossum hypoglossoides, known as under tongue weed, is a small red marine alga in the family Delesseriaceae. (urn:lsid:marinespecies.org:taxname:145108). In marine algae, many secondary metabolites are halogenated, reflecting the availability of chloride and bromide ions in seawater. Littoral monitoring of permanent quadrats before and after the Sea Empress oil spill. Kindig, A.C., & Littler, M.M., 1980. Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. The information contained in this website is provided for, types of seaweed and its skin benefits here, Acacia Senegal Gum for Skin Benefits & Uses, SkinCeuticals Triple Lipid Restore Cream Dupes. Growth and primary productivity of marine macrophytes exposed to domestic sewage effluents. SYNONYMS. In Iceland, where it is known as sl[sl], it has been an important source of dietary fiber throughout the centuries. Hull, S., 1997. Corallina officinalis Taxonomy ID: 35170(for references in articles please use NCBI:txid35170) current name Corallinaofficinalis Linnaeus, 1758 includes: Corallinalessp. & Hartnoll, R.G., 1985. Field Studies, 9, 497-511. Corallina officinalis consists of calcareous, branching, segmented fronds, usually erect, up to 12 cm high but often much shorter. description In red algae Some species of Corallina and its allies are important, along with animal corals, in forming coral reefs and islands. Aphotomarine. Seaweed Resources in Europe: Uses and Potential. The tetraspores develop into gametophytes. corallina officinalis reproduction [Corallina officinalis] on exposed to moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock Very exposed to moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock that supports a dense turf of the red seaweed [Corallina officinalis], often on wave surged rocky slopes. P.G. It uses its high surface area to hold moisture and survive dessication much better than other corallines; it is often found at the rims of tidepools or in sheltered nooks, where other corallines are forced to live deeper in the tidepools or the subtidal. Fronds rise from a calcareous crustose, disk shaped, holdfast about 70 mm in diameter. MEDITERRANEA' S. YAMANOUCHI The group of red seaweeds known as the Cryptonemiales includes many species displaying a wide variety of form. Pollution and marine life. Outer Hebrides Biological Recording, 2018. Within rock pool habitats, Coral- lina must maintain productivity and growth under the inu- ence of a myriad of highly variable stressors, including ir- radiance, water temperature and carbonate chemistry, which uctuate on seasonal, diurnal and tidal timescales (Egilsdot- tir et al., 2013; Williamson et al., 2014a). Corallina officinalis | Taxonomy - PubChem The information (TEXT ONLY) provided by the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) is licensed under a, Conservation of Species and Habitats Regulations, Species of Principal Importance (England), Marine Evidence-based Sensitivity Assessment (MarESA) Summary, Introduction of microbial pathogens/parasites, https://www.nmni.com/CEDaR/CEDaR-Centre-for-Environmental-Data-and-Recording.aspx, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, Open coast, Strait / sound, Sea loch / Sea lough, Ria / Voe, Estuary, Enclosed coast / Embayment, Lower eulittoral, Mid eulittoral, Sublittoral fringe, Upper infralittoral, Artificial (man-made), Bedrock, Crevices / fissures, Large to very large boulders, Rockpools, Moderately Strong 1 to 3 knots (0.5-1.5 m/sec. Fife Nature Records Centre, 2018. Coral larvae are either fertilized within the body of a polyp or in the water, through a process called spawning. If you would like to change your settings or withdraw consent at any time, the link to do so is in our privacy policy accessible from our home page.. Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh Herbarium (E). 1. Global map of species distribution using gridded data. Growth and reproduction of the red alga Rhodomela larix. These plants look just like the male and female ones but they develop conceptacles which contain tetrasporangia. It is the only one of twelve species of Alaria to occur in both Ireland and in Great Britain. Occasionally found on mollusc shells or macroalgae such as Furcellaria. Coral Weed - Corallina officinalis | MarineMumbles - Rockpooling Seasonal changes in diversity and abundance of ostracodes on four species of intertidal algae with differing structural complexity. Variety Corallina officinalis var. It often flourishes in exposed conditions. Calcareous meiofauna associated with the calcareous alga Corallina Schiel, D.R. Corallina Linnaeus, 1758 Type species: Corallina officinalis Linnaeus; Synonyms . Available from: https://www.nbnatlas.org. In culture Corallina officinalis fronds exhibited an average growth rate of 2.2 mm/month at 12 and 18 deg C. Growth rate was only 0.2 mm/month at 6 deg C and no growth was observed at 25 deg C (Colhart & Johanssen 1973). We rated this as a Fair ingredient since it has a higher comedogenic rating than we like to see. The biology of articulate corallines was reviewed by Johanssen (1974). European register of marine species: a check-list of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. Corallines are about 74 percent calcified and uptake bicarbonate from seawater readily. Liu, J.Y. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 235, 45-53. But, sea grass also can do asexual reproduction. Checklist of marine biota of China seas. Fresh seaweeds (Ulva fasciata Delile, Ulva linza Linnaeus, Corallina officinalis Linnaeus, Jania rubens (Linnaeus) Lamouroux, and Colpomenia sinuosa (Mertens Ex Roth) Derbes and Solier) were collected from the Egyptian Mediterranean coast of Alexandria, at Abu Qir Bay, and the Eastern Harbor during the winter of 2018.Seaweed identification was made according to Aleem []. Download EWG's Healthy Living App . Crisp, D.J. Corallina officinalis is a beautiful seaweed, ranging from deep purple to pink colour (or fully white if its bleached). Corallina officinalis - DRS Yes, this ingredient is 100% vegan and plant-based. Fronds are highly sensitive to desiccation and do not recover from an 15 percent water loss, which might occur within 40 -45 minutes during a spring tide in summer (Wiedemann 1994). St. Andrews, New Brunswick. 1-76. Description; Reproduction; Ecology; Distribution; References; External links; It is primarily found growing around the rims of tide pools, but can be found in shallow crevices anywhere on the rocky shore that are regularly refreshed with sea water. Vernacular name: . The hypothesis that the dominant algae of the upper and midintertidal regions of this habitat consist largely of early successional or opportunistic species with high capacities for growth and reproduction is supported. (ed. O. ABSTRACT: Fucoid algae often dominate intertidal rocky shores, providing habitat and modifying ecosystem resources for other species, but are susceptible to discharge of sewage effluent. Moderate (50 steps per 0.09 sq. Male haploid gametophytes release male gametes (spermatia) from spermatangia on male fronds. A checklist and distributional index of the benthic marine algae of the North Atlantic Ocean. Fronds rise from a calcareous crustose, disk shaped, holdfast about 70 mm in diameter. It is a seaweed that only grows in the northern Atlantic Ocean, also known in localities as feamainn bhu, rockweed, Norwegian kelp, knotted kelp, knotted wrack or egg wrack. Dickinson, C.I., 1963. [Ruiyu] (ed.). stunted specimens occur in high shore pools, much branched forms in the lower littoral. [Coastal fauna and flora of the Nord, Pas-de-Calais and Belgium: inventory]. Occurrence dataset: https://doi.org/10.15468/opc6g1 accessed via GBIF.org on 2018-10-01. In Corallina officinalis male and female reproductive structures are found on separate plants. An attempt to obtain sequence data from the lectotype specimen was not successful. Kent Wildlife Trust, 2018. Allow Necessary Cookies & Continue 163 p. South, G. R.;Tittley, I. Cofnod North Wales Environmental Information Service, 2018. This study shows competitive exclusion by coralline turfs may limit the successful restoration of habitat provided by H. banksii to shores that have been affected by sustained discharge of secondarily treated sewage effluent. It forms calcium carbonate deposits within its cells, making it harder and less pliable than other seaweed. Downloads. In contrast, H. banksii was positively associated with rocky substrata and recruited well to rock-surface substrata. CORALLINE CONCENTRATE G by Codif acts as a refirming and slimming agent. Life History of Corallina Officinalis var. Mediterranea It has a comedogenic rating of 3 (on a 0-5 scale) which means it may clog pores. The existence of flower will help sea grass to reproduce through sexual reproduction. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 225, 69-77. Corallina officinalis consists of calcareous, branching, segmented fronds, usually erect, up to 12 cm high but often much shorter. The leading journal in its field, MEPS covers all aspects of marine ecology, fundamental and applied. Phycodrys rubens is a red marine alga of up to 30 cm long. But the main flaw in comedogenic testing is that it generally focuses on specific ingredients applied in high concentrations. 1998. London & Frome: Butler & Tanner Ltd. Dommasnes, A., 1968. Corallina officinalis is a calcareous red seaweed which grows in the lower and mid-littoral zones on rocky shores. Sustainable Harvesting of the Ecosystem Engineer Corallina officinalis untsman Marine Laboratory. Corallina officinalis is a calcified red seaweed, a coralline alga commonly found in rock pools on seashores around the world. Bunker, F.StP.D., Maggs, C.A., Brodie, J.A. The sporophyte develops tetrasporangia in which haploid tetraspores are formed by meiosis. Kent Wildlife Trust, 2018. This plant has a scientific name of Corallina officinalis. Picton, B.E. Variation in Anti-inflammatory, Anti-arthritic, and Antimicrobial Marine Biology, 71, 87-96. (ed. West Angle Bay, a case study. Corallina officinalis Wikipedia Republished // WIKI 2 Corallina officinalis chemical compounds obtained by supercritical Polysiphonia is a genus of filamentous red algae with about 19 species on the coasts of the British Isles and about 200 species worldwide, including Crete in Greece, Antarctica and Greenland. Corallina Officinalis Extract is an extract of the alga, Corallina officinalis. Zahnaerztliche Praxis, 38, 318-320. After fusion (fertilization) the carposporophyte develops, enclosed in a cystocarp and releases diploid carpospores. . Find diseases associated with this biological target and compounds tested against it in bioassay experiments. Seaweeds of the British Isles, vol. These white deposits cause the seaweed to appear pink in colour, with white patches where the calcium carbonate is particularly concentrated, such as at the growing tips. Description: Whitish-pink to lilac, calcified, articulated fronds, 60-70 (-120) mm high, axis cylindrical to compressed, repeatedly pinnate from and expanded discoid base, branchng often irregular. It publishes leading journals in the fields of aquatic ecology and climate research. We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. & Fish, S., 1996. Results may vary when testing these products or ingredients yourself. Vitamin C vs. Rosehip Oil Which is Better, Retinol vs. Rosehip Oil Which is Better. Production of a New Cyclic Depsipeptide by the Culture Broth of 1). Typically forms a turf in pools and wet gullies from the mid tidal level to the sublittoral fringe. This post may contain affiliate links. NBIS Records to December 2016. (ed.). Preference experiments showed that substance(s) readily sloughed from the fronds of Nereocystis attract urchin whereas substances from A. fimbriatum repel or are not detected by urchins. if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'skincarelab_org-large-leaderboard-2','ezslot_9',168,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-skincarelab_org-large-leaderboard-2-0'); The Cosmetic Ingredient Review considers Corallina Officinalis Extract to be a safe ingredient in skincare when used as directed. Common Coralline - iNaturalist Occurrence dataset: https://doi.org/10.15468/erweal accessed via GBIF.org on 2018-09-27. Corallina is also found in USA, Argentina[4] and elsewhere including some parts of Japan, China, Australia and New Zealand. This resulted in declines in densities of the meiofaunal community within two days of trampling. Growth form can be variable, for example: In Norway fronds 1-2 cm long recorded in lower littoral in contrast to 10-17 cm long fronds in pools. Different colours normally represent light induced stress and degradation of pigments (bleaching). OBIS (Ocean BiodiversityInformation System), 2023. The basal crust may grow continuously until stimulated to produce fronds (Littler & Kauker 1984; Colhart & Johanssen 1973). NOV. (CORALLINOIDEAE, RHODOPHYTA) Find personal . World Wide Web electronic publication http://www.algaebase.org, 2000-01-01, Hardy, F.G. & Guiry, M.D., 2003. Maerl is also commercially exploitable as a source of lime and trace minerals in the agricultural, horticultural and medical industries. Moore, P.G. Fish, J.D. The crustose base has nearly twice the mechanical resistance (measured by penetration) of fronds (Littler & Kauker, 1984). Corallina officinalis f. profunda Farl., 1881 Corallina officinalis f. vulgaris Ktz., 1858 Corallina officinalis var. , Diploma thesis, University of Kiel, Germany. We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. Corniculata Kent Wildlife Trust Shoresearch Intertidal Survey 2004 onwards. 145108 Suzuki, Y., Takabayashi, T., Kawaguchi, T. & Matsunaga, K., 1998. ), 1971a. A field key to the British Red Seaweeds. Smith, J.E. (1986). Final report. Contains sulfated polysaccharides (antioxidant) which can act as many types of medicines such as antiviral and antiherpetic (Yang 2011). . Habitat: Very common in the Northwest Atlantic, in mid intertidal pools to 20 m; growing on rocks or other hard substrata, usually on exposed coasts. Replicate plots ( n = 3) of 25 cm 25 cm to be prepared for three experimental harvesting treatments and comparable unharvested controls ( n = 3) were randomly distributed within each of the pools. Corallina officinalis specimen collected 2017-10-06 from Nahant Bay with a genomic DNA sample available at the Ocean Genome Legacy biorepository. (2001). (c) Gary W. Saunders. Occurrence dataset: https://www.kentwildlifetrust.org.uk/ accessed via NBNAtlas.org on 2018-10-01. University of New Brunswick., some rights reserved (CC BY-NC-SA). Hawkins & Hartnoll (1985) found that. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Non-vascular Plants, Outer Hebrides. Its members are known by a number of common names. Laurentius Salvius: Holmiae.. AlgaeBase. 1: 824 pp. Corallina officinalis is a species of red seaweed that forms calcium carbonate deposits within its cells, making this seaweed very rigid. 20-38. Guiry, M.D. For terms and use, please refer to our Terms and Conditions Improved in 24 Hours. 2013; Williamson et al. Corallina officinalis is a calcareous red seaweed which grows in the lower and mid-littoral zones on rocky shores. Hicks, G.R.F., 1985. Wiedemann, T., 1994. Oekologische Untersuchungen in Gezeitentuempeln des Helgolaender Nord-Ost Felswatts. ex Ktz. Littler and Kauker (1984) showed the upright portion of Corallina officinalis (AG 6) is more productive and more susceptible to disturbance than the crustose holdfast . The macroalgal distribution in tidal pools on an exposed rocky shore near Roscoff (Brittany, France) was examined using multivariate analyses using DECORANA and TWINSPAN to construct hypotheses explaining the observed patterns, and to relate these trends to abiotic and biotic factors. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 20, 265-271. These grow into male and female plants. St Andrews BioBlitz 2016. Corallina officinalis Linnaeus Cnach Tr (Gaeil.) Jones, W.E., & Moorjani, S.A., 1973. Occurrence dataset: https://doi.org/10.15468/lo2tge accessed via GBIF.org on 2018-10-01. English Articles. The percentage cover and number of individuals of H. banksii were negatively correlated with both the percentage cover and turf height of Corallina officinalis. Corallina | genus of red algae | Britannica EWG research on the go. Create your own unique website with customizable templates. Selection of substrata by seaweed: optimal surface relief. Corallina officinalis extract comes from corallina officinalis, a red algae found on rocky shores around the edges of tide pools. Colour varied, purple, red, pink or yellowish with white knuckles and white extremities. Corallina - Wikipedia The potential antioxidant compounds were identified as some pigments (fucoxanthin, astaxanthin, carotenoid e.g.) St Andrews BioBlitz 2014. Hydrolyzed Corallina Officinalis Extract. Effects of trampling on a rocky intertidal algal assemblage in southern New Zealand. Added in 24 Hours. Occurance dataset:http://www.sewbrec.org.uk/ accessed via NBNAtlas.org on 2018-10-02. London: British Phycological Society. Corallina officinalis The ubiquitous hemoprotein chloroperoxidase (CPO) (1) continues to be of great mechanistic and practical interest following its isolation more than 40 years ago from Caldariomyces fumago (2138). REFERENCES 1. (AM AK295821).jpg 6,128 11,417; 6.4 MB Naturalis Biodiversity Center - L.4047619 - Corallina muscoides Ktz. PDF Safety Assessment of Red Algae-Derived Ingredients as Used in Cosmetics Corallina elongata - Wikipdia, a enciclopdia livre on freshwater-influenced vertical littoral fringe soft rock 113 Corallina officinalis, of the order Corallinales, 10 is related to many important reef species. (2004). Phyllophora pseudoceranoides, the stalked leaf bearer, is a small marine red alga. It can be ground into a fine powder and incorporated into skin care products, where it functions as an exfoliant. The importance of form: differences in competitive ability, resistance to consumers and environmental stress in an assemblage of coralline algae. Biogeography: an ecological perspective. Data Availability: None. [Occasional Publication No.13]. 2019 Nov 11;9 (11):273. doi: 10.3390/metabo9110273. . Everyones skin type is different and the pores on your back are different from your face. The accumulation of these Heavy Metals is mainly due to intense human and industrial activities. To interrogate UK data visit the NBN Atlas.Map Help. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. It is predicted that with continued warming, Eastern Mediterranean corallines will experience a westward range contraction, initiating with phenological shifts, followed by performance declines and population decreases, ending with local extinctions. The reason it is called Coral Weed is because, like corals, it undergoes a process called calcification. In terms of sexual reproduction, some coral species, such as Brain and Star coral, produce both sperm and eggs at the same time. Submitted to the Agriculture, Fisheries & Conservation Department, The Hong Kong SAR Government. This name has been applied worldwide, particularly in temperate waters. (c) 2005 California Academy of Sciences, some rights reserved (CC BY-NC-SA). [European Seas], (c) Discover Life and original sources, some rights reserved (CC-BY-NC-SA). Skin Reset Deluxe Try Me Kit. Its range extends from the Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands in Alaska to Baja California in Mexico. This may happen, for example, if a larger colony is broken off from the main colony during a storm or boat grounding. Grahame, J., & Hanna, F.S., 1989. Occurrence dataset: https://doi.org/10.15468/h1ln5p accessed via GBIF.org on 2018-09-25. 2017, http://www.marlin.ac.uk/speciesinformation.php?speciesID=3039. Corallina officinalis extract, trying to figure out what this is and why its in your skincare products? Common Coral Weed | Project Noah and Bunker, A.R. (c) National Museums Northern Ireland and its licensors, some rights reserved (CC BY-NC-SA). Fronds consist of a jointed chain of calcareous segments, each becoming wedge shaped higher up the frond. Corallina is a genus of red seaweeds with hard, abrasive calcareous skeletons in the family Corallinaceae. Guiry, M.D. Ewers, R., Kasperk, C. & Simmons, B., 1987. Corallina is also found in USA, Argentina [4] and elsewhere including some parts of Japan, China, Australia and New Zealand. Fronds consist of a jointed chain of calcareous segments, each becoming wedge shaped higher up the frond. It is also found around the Galapagos Islands and Japan. Inter-Research is a self-sustaining international Science Center - small but with great global impact. As you may have heard, comedogenic ratings are far from perfect. BIODIVERSITY OF CORALLINE ALGAE IN THE NORTHEASTERN ATLANTIC INCLUDING CORALLINA CAESPITOSA SP. This service is powered by LifeWatch Belgium, https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/726886, http://www.vliz.be/imisdocs/publications/145561.pdf, https://books.google.be/books?hl=pt-PT&lr=&id=vtBdDwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR11&dq=Catalogue+of+the+benthic+marine+algae+of+the+Indian+Ocean&ots=FL-YOKu8Cx&sig=3PmT926F1rNHQTf1AhDeY-ztmu4#v=onepage&q=Catalogue%20of%20the%20benthic%20marine%20algae%20of%20the%20, Encyclopedia of Marine Life of Britain and Ireland, To Biodiversity Heritage Library (1 publication), To Biodiversity Heritage Library (12 publications), To Biodiversity Heritage Library (26 publications), To Biodiversity Heritage Library (4 publications), To Biodiversity Heritage Library (653 publications), To Biodiversity Heritage Library (7 publications), To Biological Information System for Marine Life (BISMaL), To GenBank (266 nucleotides; 1141 proteins). It is thought that algae are not sensitive to deoxygenation since they can produce their own oxygen. Padilla (1984) noted that finely branched, Bleached corallines were observed 15 months after the 1964 Alaska earthquake which elevated areas in Prince William Sound by 10 m. Similarly, increased exposure caused by upward movement of 15 cm due to nuclear tests at Armchitka Island, Alaska adversely affected, Macrophytes have no known sound or vibration receptors, Macrophytes have no known visual receptors. The thallus of C. officinalis is firmly attached generally to rock and grows in tufts to a length of 120mm. Corallina officinalis is a calcifying red alga, common in tide pools in the North Atlantic with occasional reports from the north-east Pacific. Abrasion due to anchoring and mooring may be comparable. Other species of coralline algae are crustose species and look like someone has painted the rocks with pink or mauve paint.Other species of coralline algae can form deposits known as maerl beds. Corallina vancouveriensis - Biodiversity of the Central Coast National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. However, the comedogenic rating system is a good gauge on the skincare ingredients we use. Corallina - Wikispecies - Wikimedia We present the first mitochondrial genome of the calcified, geniculate coralline red alga Corallina officinalis (Corallinales). 1998), however, this type of substance has not been found yet in Corallina officinalis. Commission Rgionale de Biologie Rgion Nord Pas-de-Calais: France. 307 pp. This can help will dull skin, uneven tone, and uneven skin texture. Version 04.05 Littoral Rock 3 LR.FLR.Lic.Ver.Ver Verrucaria maura on very exposed to very sheltered upper littoral fringe rock 111 LR.FLR.Lic.Bli Blidingia spp. By clicking accept or continuing to use the site, you agree to the terms outlined in our. Fucus serratus is a seaweed of the north Atlantic Ocean, known as toothed wrack or serrated wrack. Porcupine Newsletter, 5, 190-197. Data Availability: None. Sarsia, 34, 117-124. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. searched on YYYY-MM-DD. The structure of the reproductive organs and the mode of reproduction found in this group cannot be ascertained adequately by the study It can be ground up for use in skincare to exfoliate the skin, increase cell turnover, and help regulate oil production. Corallina officinalis extract comes from corallina officinalis, a red algae found on rocky shores around the edges of tide pools. Occurrence dataset: https://doi.org/10.15468/ypoair accessed via GBIF.org on 2018-10-02. *Bonus: Get a FREE mini Mon . (2013) designated epitype specimens, from which they obtained cox1 and rbcL sequences. The calcium carbonate makes it unpalatable to most rocky shore grazers. Erect stiff, articulated fronds, coarse to the touch. St Andrews BioBlitz 2015. The adaptive significance of heterotrichy was investigated for the abundant and widespread articulated coralline alga Corallina officinalis L., using a functional-form approach. What was known about crustose coralline algae (CCA) prior to the use of scuba came mostly from dredging collections. You may want to avoid products with this ingredient if you have acne or blemish-prone skin. However, no information on heavy metal contamination or its effects was found. (c) Natural History Museum, London, some rights reserved (CC BY-NC-SA). The MarESA approach reflects the recent conservation imperatives and terminology and is used for sensitivity assessments from 2014 onwards. Norton, T.A. The pattern of import and export of (14)C-labeled assimilates in Macrocystis pyrifera (L.) C. A. Agardh in southern California was found to be similar to that known in dicotyledons: actively growing tissue imported and did not export.