27. In this classic work, the author establishes the term ethnocentrism and employs structural-functional theory to explain intergroup conflict, suggesting that scarcity of natural resources serves as a primary source of conflict between groups. 4. What would a person who looked at this list be able to tell about you? Feminism has gotten a bad reputation based on how it has been portrayed in the media and by some politicians. Ableism is the system of beliefs and practices that produces a physical and mental standard that is projected as normal for a human being and labels deviations from it abnormal, resulting in unequal treatment and access to resources. These changes directly affect our interpersonal relationships. Ask yourself the question Who am I? Recall from our earlier discussion of self-concept that we develop a sense of who we are based on what is reflected back on us from other people. It contends that group members tend to emphasize similarities among themselves according to stereotypical attributes or prototypes rather than accentuate differences along these same dimensions between the ingroup and other outgroups in an effort to bolster ingroup identity. Throughout modern history, cultural and social influences have established dominant and nondominant groups (Allen, 2011). The first African American flying unit in the U.S. Military. The main nondominant groups must face various forms of institutionalized discrimination, including racism, sexism, heterosexism, and ableism. In Psychology of intergroup relations. Last, queer is a term used to describe a group that is diverse in terms of identities but usually takes a more activist and at times radical stance that critiques sexual categories. The term color was dropped and replaced by race. Learning Objectives. Why or why not. A Guide to Understanding Gender Identity and Pronouns : NPR Cultural identities are based on socially constructed categories that teach us a way of being and include expectations for social behavior or ways of acting (Yep, G. A., 2002). As was noted earlier, the Latino/a population in the United States is growing fast, which has necessitated inclusion of Spanish in many areas of public life. People are tracked into various educational programs based on their physical and cognitive abilities, and there are many cases of people being mistakenly labeled disabled who were treated differently despite their protest of the ascribed label. Look directly at the person and speak clearly, slowly, and expressively to determine if the person can read your lips. First, we internalize notions of gender based on socializing institutions, which helps us form our gender identity. Its important to remember that these distinctions are being made at the societal level, not the individual level. If the person doesnt avow that identity, it can create friction, and that label may even hurt the other persons feelings. All of these are discussed in the chapter. Coworkers. Table 3.2 Developments Related to Sexuality, Identity, and Communication traces some of the developments relevant to sexuality, identity, and communication that show how this cultural identity has been constructed over the past 3,000 years. Please subscribe or login. Napoleonic Code in France removes all penalties for any sexual activity between consenting adults. Tajfel, H., and J.C. Turner. Knowing more about various types of identities and some common experiences of how dominant and nondominant identities are formed prepares us to delve into more specifics about why difference matters. 1986. Most people pick and choose those with whom they communicate online with great care. In the resistance and separation stage, an individual with a nondominant identity may shift away from the conformity of the previous stage to engage in actions that challenge the dominant identity group. Allen, B. J., Difference Matters: Communicating Social Identity, 2nd ed. 2. What movements in the late 180018001800s addressed urban problems? Older terms that people used to refer to those who were transgender included transsexual, transvestite, and cross-dresser, although these words are not as appropriate or used as often in the present. Before that, sexuality was viewed in more physical or spiritual senses that were largely separate from a persons identity. But immigrant groups that we might think of as white today were not always considered so. Instead, repeat what you have understood and allow the person to respond. This page titled 1.3: Social Construction of Cultural Identity is shared under a CC BY license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Tammera Stokes Rice. 9. Additionally, I bet the professors wouldnt think about asking a white, male, or heterosexual student to give the perspective of their whole group. Chapter 1. Introduction to Human Communication Flashcards Helga Kotthoff and Helen Spencer-Oatey (Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2009), 41519. From this, the authors conclude that: The term transgender is the term that the present trans community uses and identifies with. For your cultural identities, which ones are dominant and which ones are nondominant? People may be frustrated by their perception that labels change too often or be afraid of using an improper term and being viewed as racially insensitive. & Kotthoff, H., 2009). Communication is Unrepeatable. What is Corporate Communication? Strategies & Benefits - Simpplr However, sexual relationships between men were accepted for some members of society. Trace the historical development and construction of the four cultural identities discussed. Over the next three hundred years, science that we would now undoubtedly recognize as flawed, biased, and racist legitimated notions that native populations were less evolved than white Europeans, often calling them savages. a. will tend to take on characteristics and exhibit behaviors that are consistent with positive attributes associated with that group. The radio station came to COLLINS to accomplish all of this in time for its 80th . These individuals may begin to disassociate with their own dominant group because they feel like a curtain has been opened and their awareness of the inequality makes it difficult for them to interact with others in their dominant group. In short, KALW was looking to achieve much greater recognition across its Bay Area audiences, communicate its unique offerings and expand its membership base. Sherif was a pioneer in the development of realistic group conflict theory. Difference Matters The following sentence may contain a subject-verb or pronoun-antecedent agreement error. The essential way to live in societies and to maintain one's culture is to communicate. (Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill, 2010), 166. Do you ever have difficulty discussing different cultural identities due to terminology? The ILM calls for more individual and collective action toward social change by people with disabilities. Culture is patterned in that there are recognizable widespread similarities among people within a cultural group. The phrase people of color is acceptable for most and is used to be inclusive of other racial minorities. While queer was long considered a derogatory label, and still is by some, the queer activist movement that emerged in the 1980s and early 1990s reclaimed the word and embraced it as a positive. While our personal identity choices express who we are, our social identities align us with particular groups. I specialise in access management related issues, interested in digitization and communication and love to read and impact the world around me, one step at a time. Even though heavy internet users are more likely to ignore family and friends, they make up for it with virtual relationships that serve the same needs. 1988. It is from these cultural influences that our identities are formed. The Vermont Supreme Court rules that the state must provide legal rights to same-sex couples. Expand or collapse the "in this article" section, Sources of Group Cooperation and Conflict, Protection, Maintenance, and Enhancement of Group Identity, Social Identity and the Communication Process, Expand or collapse the "related articles" section, Expand or collapse the "forthcoming articles" section, Acculturation Processes and Communication, British and Irish Magazine, History of the, Communication, Definitions and Concepts of, Corporate Social Responsibility and Communication, Information and Communication Technology for Development, Intercultural Communication, Worldview in, Multimodal Discourse Analysis, Approaches to, Multinational Organizations, Communication and Culture in. Our parents, friends, teachers, and the media help shape our identities. There are other important identities that could be discussed, like religion, age, nationality, and class. In the passive acceptance stage, we must be cautious not to blame individuals with dominant identities for internalizing racist, sexist, or heterosexist norms. The socializing institutions we discussed earlier (family, peers, media, religion, and education) often make oppression seem normal and natural. Rather than trying to ignore difference and see each person as a unique individual, we should know the history of how differences came to be so socially and culturally significant and how they continue to affect us today. Cultures are created through communication; that is, communication is the means of human interaction through which cultural C. find others' identities become our own through communication. Social constructionism is a view that argues the self is formed through our interactions with others and in relationship to social, cultural, and political contexts (Allen, 2011). An impairment is defined as any temporary or permanent loss or abnormality of a body structure or function, whether physiological or psychological (Allen, 2011). The roles assigned to those involved. Meanings have limited interpretation. Never pretend to understand if you are having difficulty doing so. Heterosexual people with gay family members or friends may join the group PFLAG (Parents, Families, and Friends of Lesbians and Gays) as a part of the redefinition and/or integration stage of their dominant identity development. c. High blood pressure Establishes the notion that individuals derive comfort, security, and self-esteem from the groups to which they belong and value; thus, individual identity is profoundly shaped by group identity. I do think women should have the same kinds of rights, including equal pay for equal work. Looking in Looking Out Chapter 1 Flashcards | Quizlet Ability privilege refers to the unearned advantages that are provided for people who fit the cognitive and physical norms (Allen, 2011). Jones Jr., R. G., Communicating Queer Identities through Personal Narrative and Intersectional Reflexivity (PhD diss., University of Denver, 2009), 13032. Since we are often a part of them since birth, cultural identities are the least changeable of the three. Occupation and sexual orientation are types of co-cultures. Unlike people with a nondominant identity who usually have to acknowledge the positioning of their identity due to discrimination and prejudice they encounter, people with dominant identities may stay in the unexamined stage for a long time. However, as we will learn later, developing intercultural communication competence can help us gain new perspectives, become more mindful of our communication, and intervene in some of these negative cycles. Culture and communication scholar Brenda Allen notes that when she was born in 1950, her birth certificate included an N for Negro. The term heterosexuality is coined to refer a form of sexual perversion in which people engage in sexual acts for reasons other than reproduction. If they do, its usually because of repeated encounters with individuals or situations that challenge their acceptance of the status quo, such as befriending someone from a nondominant group or taking a course related to culture. Tajfel and Turner 1979, for example, establishes that individual identity is significantly shaped by group identity through a process of social categorization, social identification, and social comparisons. Detail-oriented professional with a . But I wouldnt call myself a feminist. For example, I have had students who struggle to see that they are in this stage say things like I know that racism exists, but my parents taught me to be a good person and see everyone as equal. While this is admirable, seeing everyone as equal doesnt make it so. This example shows how even national identity fluctuates. 8.4 Intercultural Communication Competence d. Instrumental goals. In order to be accepted as a member of a cultural group, members must be acculturated, essentially learning and using a code that other group members will be able to recognize. Classic work on the origins and nature of discrimination. 8.1 Foundations of Culture and Identity - Communication in the Real World We must also remember that people have multiple identities that intersect with each other. Collectivism stresses the importance of the community, while individualism is focused on the rights and concerns of each person. For example, there has been a Deaf culture movement in the United States for decades. In the United States, the population of people of color is increasing and diversifying, and visibility for people who are gay or lesbian and people with disabilities has also increased.